In Chinese historical records, Hendustan refers to the Mughal Empire established between 1526 and 1858.

The territory of this country at that time included northern India, Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. In China's history, there are also translations of "Windustan" and "Hennustan" and other translations.

Later, it was truly characterized by Emperor Qianlong's personal research and translation of "Hendustan" based on Tibetan and Ushra pronunciations.

The Hendustan jadeware was introduced to the mainland during the Qianlong period and was given as a tribute to Emperor Qianlong. It was deeply loved by this jade crazy emperor.

So later, the Qing court specially asked the Fabric Office to set up a unit for imitation and learning. Emperor Qianlong himself also wrote poems and praised many times. Ji Xiaolan's "Notes on Yuewei Caotang" also recorded that "the cleverness of jade carving today is the first, with Hendustan as the first." This shows that Hendustan jade has an important position in the history of jade wares in the Qing Dynasty.

The Hendustan jade is actually Islamic jade or Islamic jade. The place name Hendustan... was personally examined by Emperor Qianlong.

The Mughal Empire was an empire established by descendants of the Mongolian expedition in the West. Later, after greening, it was entrenched in Central Asia. Because it was influenced by Chinese culture, it was different from their cousins ​​in the west. Because their cousins ​​in the west had a lot of contact with Europeans, they all preferred gems and other things and did not pay much attention to jade.

However, the people in the Mughal Empire were different. Although they also had the Green Cult, they were also influenced by Eastern civilization, so they had the habit of carving, loving, and using jade since their birth.

However, their habits of carving and loving jade are very different from those in our country. Most of their jade carving and using jade tend to be practical, so the jade they produce is basically practical, and there are few jades and jades that we Chinese like.

At that time, the people of Hendustan believed that food utensils made of jade could avoid poison, so the jade utensils they carved were generally practical bowls, cups, washing, plates, pots and other dietary utensils.

Moreover, the decoration of these jade wares is very local cultural characteristics. Some of them are inlaid with gold, silver filaments and various gems or glasses such as red, green, yellow, and blue on the walls; the pattern decorations are mostly plant flowers and leaves, mainly rosaris, passion fruit and clematis; they also like to use alien gems to embed animal eyes carved on jade wares.

In addition to these decorative techniques, water grinding techniques from the West were also used, so the jade they carved was generally thin in carcass. So when the jade of Hendustan was introduced to China, there was a saying that "Xikun jade craftsmanship is extremely skillful, and water grinding jade is as thin as paper."

The jade wares exported to China by Hendustan in the Qing Dynasty were mostly Khotan jade from southern Xinjiang and Yarkand amphibian jade. It is very different from the white jade we like in China.

Moreover, those scarstan jade craftsmen like to use solid-colored jade materials, that is, each instrument is one color. They are mostly made of white jade or blue-white jade, which is transparent and crystal clear, which is also very distinct from the traditional Chinese jade wares that like to keep jade leather or variegated jade carvings.

It is these distinctive characteristics that allow Jin Muchen to see these jadewares that have a different style of tomorrow from our ancient jade in China, and the first thought that goes around in his mind is to bump into the treasure.

You should know that after the introduction of the Hendustan jade, due to its distinctive style and paper-thin characteristics, it was once crazily pursued by the Jade Mad Emperor, and even ordered the Qing Dynasty's Creation Office to set up a special unit to learn and imitate the Hendustan jade.

So much so that in the late Qianlong period, the jade artifacts produced by the Qing Dynasty's Creation Office would have more or less obvious jade styles.

However, there are not many such jade artifacts circulating on the market. Just like the enamels secretly collected by the Qing court at that time, they are basically not known to outsiders.

This situation continued until the late Qing Dynasty. After some of the Hendustan jades were spread from the palace to the people, the Hendustan jade was widely known to those who like jade in China, and then caused a crazy trend of imitation.

However, despite this, there are still not many Hendustan jades that exist in the world today.

Although the people of the Mughal Empire also liked jade and had long been producing Hendustan jade for use by the princes and nobles of their country.

However, after the British invaded, it caused a devastating blow to the Mughal Empire. In addition, the local ethnic groups and religious disputes continued, and the British, or Westerners, never took jade seriously, so there were even fewer Hendustan jades that could be preserved in the local area.

The Hendustan jade that was passed down to China was actually the earliest time when the tributes from some vassal states outside the southwestern empire flowed into the country.

After Qianlong, Jiaqing was far less enthusiastic about jade than his, so by the Jiaqing period, the vassal states in the southwest were no longer tribute to the Hendustan jade in China.

Therefore, there are very few Hendustan jades in China. In addition, there are very few Hendustan jades that can be preserved in China until now.

Currently, according to official records, only the Palace Museum in the capital and the Antique Museum on Baodao are stored in a total of dozens of pieces.

Most of the Hendustan jades that were stolen on the market were the Hendustan jades stolen by the British and French coalition forces from the Qing court.

It is precisely because of the rare amount of existence and the bonus of Emperor Jade Crazy back then that this kind of Hendustan jade is now very popular in the antique auction market in Greater China.

If there is a real thing in the world, then it is basically no difficult to sell a sky-high price in the auction market.

In 2010, at an auction held at Christie's in Xiangjiang, two consecutive pieces of Qianlong's imperial seal were sold, and it attracted enthusiastic pursuit as soon as it was unveiled.

One of them was sold for a shell-style jade scrub written by Qianlong, but it was only the size of a palm, and it was sold for a sky-high price of 9.25 million yuan, while the other one was sold for a sky-high price of 10.18 million yuan, and the final transaction price of these two pieces of Shindustan jade can be said to have refreshed the transaction price of Chinese antique jade that year.

It is precisely because of the crazy auction that the Hendustan jade has entered the sight of millions of collectors. In recent years, the concept of Hendustan jade has been widely circulated in the domestic market, which has also led to a surge in counterfeits in the domestic market.

Although some of them were folk circulating products made by Master Zhuoyu in Yangzhou and Suzhou in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, even if they were not related to the imperial treasures of the Qing court, they could still be sold at high prices. Even some of the Hendustan jades imitated during the Republic of China could be sold at high prices of millions in the end, which shows the market's desire for this kind of jade.

Jin Muchen didn't expect that he could see so many Hendustein jades at the Tokyo Bay International Antiques Exhibition in Japan today.

However, after the ecstasy at the beginning, Jin Muchen quickly calmed down. Although these jade wares were made of Hendustan-style jade wares, it is hard to say whether they were the ancient Hendustan jades of the time.

You should know that since Emperor Yuchi abdicated, the Hendustan jadeware quickly declined in the Mughal Empire. After all, in their place, there were poor terrestrial objects. Only those nobles and men could afford such jadeware. How could ordinary people afford it?

The reason why it flourished for so long was because the Chinese emperor liked it and was in the need of export. Later, after China stopped importing large-scale, the business of the Hendustan jade declined, and even the craftsmen who made jade gradually fell into a foreign land.

Later, the British conquered India and brought their preferences and special utensils they liked, so the Mughal Empire had never produced any classic jade artifacts.

Later, due to the British instigation, there was constant dispute in that area and there was no intention to produce this thing. Therefore, this is also the main reason why the Hendustan jade is rare in the market and the rare goods are available.

So after seeing these Hendustan jades, Jin Muchen was ecstatic for a while, but soon calmed down.

He called the boss and after obtaining the boss's consent, he began to pick up the jade bottles and plates to start appraisal. After all, in recent years, because this scar jade has been sought after in the market, it has been a lot of fraud. You must be careful when appraising.

In fact, the method of identifying this trace jade is very simple. The first thing is to start with the patterns brought by the jade.

When the jade craftsmen of the Mughal Empire were carving the Sendustan jade, there was no such thing as processing. The reason why they polished the jade bowl was so thin was entirely due to the water grinding method.

When carving patterns on these jade wares, they rely entirely on handcrafts. Modern imitations generally follow the principle of how fast and easy it is to save money, so when making fraud, they basically use machining methods.

Therefore, the jade bi of the polished jade will be very different from the ones polished in the past. In the past, because it was entirely polished by hand and eyes, it was not guaranteed that the walls of these cups, bowls, plates and plates were the same as the same thickness. Therefore, even fine jades will have uneven thickness. This is the characteristic of authentic Hendustan jade. On the other hand, the current machined products do not have such shortcomings, but this has become a loophole in the machined products.

In addition, the patterns on modern imitations are not carved by hand, and are all carved from modern machinery, so the traces of processing are very obvious, and they can even be said to be "full of fire" and can be easily identified... (To be continued.)
Chapter completed!