"It can be seen that during embryonic development, if they have any defects, they will use appropriate cells from other organisms to actively fill a vacant tissue niche."

"This process can be induced by artificially creating a niche."

"The same approach applies to the pancreas, kidneys, liver, and other organs."

"Cross-species applications are equally valid if you do a cross-species experiment between rats and mice."

"Although rats do not have a gallbladder, the cells still have the ability to form gallbladder tissue. If conditions permit, the mouse embryo can send a signal that it is time to grow a gallbladder, thus unlocking this ability."

"This ability comes from the common evolutionary ancestor of rats and mice. This ancestor had a gallbladder, but the rat's gallbladder disappeared during evolution. However, the cells of rats still remember the development instructions of the gallbladder.

, like preserving the memory of their evolutionary history.”

"But this method is not that simple for humans and pigs."

"On the one hand, the experiment lasted longer. The gestation period of pigs is 3 months, while that of mice is only 3 weeks."

"On the other hand, humans and pigs are much more distantly related evolutionarily than mice and rats."

"Pigs can create organ niches in their bodies. After transplanting embryonic stem cells from another pig, pig embryos lacking a key gene for pancreatic development were indeed able to grow a pancreas."

"But when human induced pluripotent stem cells are introduced into pig embryos at the blastocyst stage, the survival rate of these stem cells is very low. Only a small number of cells can survive and develop into muscle and precursor cells of some organs.

"Similarly, human induced pluripotent stem cells can also survive in bovine embryos, but the survival rate is also not high."

At this point, Du Biao excitedly interjected: "I know this reason. I have read a paper that stem cells of species that are too different will compete with each other and kill each other."

"This kind of evolutionary difference between species can form an effective developmental barrier to maintain the isolation between species and prevent the growth of strange creatures."

"Bah bang bang!" Huang Qin clapped vigorously: "Teacher is so knowledgeable and talented."

He changed the topic and said: "I have also read this paper. It seems to be a paper published in "Nature" two years ago."

"The study found that as long as the activation of the NFKB signaling pathway in human iPS stem cells is inhibited, competition between cells and apoptosis can be inhibited, and the survival rate of human-mouse chimeric embryos can be improved."

"There are different levels of competitiveness between different species. Between rats and mice, humans and monkeys, the competitiveness of stem cells is similar, so there will be no cell competition."

"However, the relative competitiveness of stem cells between humans and pigs, cows, and mice is different, which will lead to the occurrence of cell war. The more competitive cells directly induce the apoptosis of the weaker ones. Which one is stronger depends on the relationship between the two.

evolutionary distance."

"So as long as we knock out the relevant genes in pigs, we can make pigs grow human organs."

"This road is very clear and promising, but no one has yet found the exit and produced the final results."

"Teacher!" Huang Qin held Du Biao's hands tightly and said excitedly.

"The future is bright, just seize the day and live up to your time!"

"As long as you win this crown jewel of science, teacher, your outstanding talent will be secure!"

Du Biao held the student's hand with his backhand. He was also very excited and said in a trembling voice.

"Go up to the sky to catch the moon, and go down to the five oceans to catch turtles, all at the snap of a finger!"

"Whether a teacher can become an outstanding young person depends entirely on your training!"
Chapter completed!