It is very difficult to do primers. Perhaps it is not as difficult as using "forty-nine boys and girls to make medicine introductions", but it is also more difficult than the difficulty of rootless water from the desert.

In the era after the booming development of computer technology, biologists specially developed special software in order to make primers, such as the powerful and convenient Premier Primer 5.0, the common Oligo 6.0, or VectorNTiSuit, Dnasis Omiga, Dnastar, etc. Just looking at the number of software, you can imagine how complicated this is. As for the version number, it can better explain that these software has not solved all problems.

In fact, even though PCR has been invented for 30 years, designing primers is still not a conventional science. Of course, scholars have summarized some rules, but uncertainty and contingency still bother scholars.

Yang Rui did not require working hours in the early stages of the establishment of the genetic engineering laboratory. Now he has re-exploited 110 hours of magic weapon because of this uncertainty and contingency.

Uncertainty and contingency are summarized as probability, and the most natural way to solve the probability problem is to increase the sample.

Researchers in the entire genetic engineering laboratory have devoted themselves to completing primer design.

Publishing papers in first-class Chinese journals is Yang Rui’s reward for them. Correspondingly, hard work is inevitable.

At this point, Yang Rui was very open-minded.

The gap between Chinese laboratories and laboratories in developed countries abroad is huge. From funding to instruments, from management to technology, from environment to accumulation - the only reason why they can still make world-class results. The only thing that can fill these huge gaps is the blood and tears of experimental dogs and scientific researchers.

Modern laboratories have access control systems. Whether they are clocked in, fingerprint brushing, or iris that are not good, they can record the working hours of experimental dogs and scientific researchers. If you compare the attendance time of Chinese laboratories with foreign laboratories, you can clearly see the gap.

Most foreign laboratories are eight-hour working hours. The more developed the laboratories, the more fixed the working hours are. If you look at the domestic laboratories - the biology laboratory at Tsinghua University, the attendance time of doctoral students per month is about 450 hours.

450 hours of attendance per month is much harder than 110 hours per week, which means that Tsinghua doctoral students will not rest more than 3 days a month, and sleeping time cannot reach 8 hours a day. In addition to eating and sleeping, experimental dogs must give all their time to the laboratory.

If science needs sacrifices, its sacrifices are the time, blood, tears and hardship of experimental dogs and researchers.

After completing his master's degree, Yang Rui did not continue his studies, which is largely because he was able to withstand the hardships of time and blood and tears, but he was unable to endure the hardships in studying.

PhD students with an average age of over 25 are already standard adults. However, 450 hours of working hours per month can only earn about 1,200 yuan. It is not an exaggeration to say that it is hardship.

Yang Rui, who was once struggling hard, still could not escape from the quagmire of real life - when you worked hard for a day, exhausted and hungry, returned to the dormitory, picked up a box of lunch meat, but couldn't bear to open it, the halo of academic success and academic dedication was already dull.

It is also because of this experience that Yang Rui’s first thing when he returned to the 1980s was to solve his own economic difficulties.

And when the economic difficulties were resolved, Yang Rui no longer had any worries—

Even if he is facing a daunting primer design, it is no exception.

To be honest, the help that Yang Rui can get from the database in his mind for this work is very limited, and he can get some theoretical guidance at most.

Of course, it is commendable to have theoretical support. Theoretical guidance not only pointed out the direction for Yang Rui and narrowed the scope of his attempts, but also gave him great confidence.

Even so, actual operation is still difficult.

It is at least many times more difficult than scholars who have made unknown primers after 30 years.

Later scholars at least had primer design software available. I don’t know how much time it would be saved by this item alone. Later scholars have more templates for reference...

In 1985, Yang Rui had no way to pursue the efficiency of the instrument.

However, Yang Rui had no fear of difficulties at all.

He had enough food and clothing, had beef, and had customized windbreakers. He wanted to ride a car and ride a bicycle. He also saved stamps for two rooms, owned his own laboratory and valuable patented technology.

Even if all your time and energy are devoted to primer design, even if it takes several months or even years, Yang Rui doesn't feel afraid.

What's more, he is not working alone.

After all, Yang Rui was in charge of the genetic engineering laboratory, and the eight researchers in the genetic engineering laboratory are also valuable helpers.

Scholars who did primer design in later generations were not good, and many biological experts had experience in primer design. Indeed, they had more technical means and information to support them, but it would be great for scholars who did such research to have an assistant. If 8 professional scientific researchers were willing to pay 110 hours a week to help, it would be unnecessary to think about it.

After all, the God of Science heard Yang Rui’s prayer. After sucking the blood and tears of eight researchers and giving back to the genetic engineering laboratory, slightly making up for the shortcomings in technology and equipment.

The only thing Yang Rui can guarantee is to prevent his researchers from suffering.

Although he cannot give additional wages to researchers in public laboratories, it is always easy to get more benefits by imitating the current state-owned enterprises.

Companies like China Animal Husbandry are also willing to meet Yang Rui's requirements.

While the researchers were gathering at the experimental table, Yang Rui called a few times, turned around and smiled and said, "I reported the wedding to Director Mei, Director Tie and Director Qu, and asked them to come and see the demonstration after the agreement. In addition, Director Mei promised to provide us with another cow as a gift, of course, it was slaughtered."

The researchers in the laboratory all laughed.

"Director Mei is a good man and gives beef again."

"We haven't finished the beef last time at home."

"You don't know how to eat. I tell you that the Chinese Animal Husbandry sends all fat cows. Don't just cook them, but the oven is delicious. It's just our heating stove in winter. Does your home have an oven?"

When it comes to eating, the atmosphere on the experimental table suddenly became harmonious.

Yang Rui also smiled and waited for several people to read the experimental records one by one, and then signaled to turn on the electrophoresis instrument again.

Primers are invisible with the naked eye, so don’t expect a weaker microscope. Furthermore, even if you see them, you cannot judge ACTG. Therefore, the way to verify whether the primer is successful is gel imaging. In the words of biological laboratories, it is electrophoresis.

Electrophoresis not only shows whether the primer meets the requirements, but also shows how effective the primer is, which is the so-called specificity.

Yang Rui had done it just now, and at this time he handed over the work to Gu Qiang and asked him to test it again.

Gu Qiang's experimental operation is so strong that it is not an exaggeration to be accurate than Yang Rui's order of magnitude. Everyone believes in his operation more. They look at Gu Qiang's movements one by one and become nervous again.

Yang Rui was also a little nervous inexplicably.

It is normal for false positive data to appear in the laboratory. Materials are contaminated, or operational errors are emerging one after another. The famous penicillin is actually a petri dish used for testing. If it falls in some laboratories, experimental dogs must be hung on the altar to bleed on the spot.

Although Yang Rui used the information in his mind for this primer design, the specific details were missing.

Therefore, the primers that Gu Qiang is going to test now are equivalent to being independently designed by Yang Rui.

This skill is better than an ordinary doctoral-level head dog after 20 years. However, independent design means that Yang Rui cannot compare the information and confirm it again and again, and he is a little uneasy at this time.

If Gu Qiang had gel imaging, the specific bands of the electrophoresis diagram of the product were not obvious, or a dimer band was added, it would be embarrassing.

However, it is embarrassing to be embarrassed, and there are always times when doing scientific research.

Yang Rui watched Gu Qiang operate the electrophoresis instrument with a strong rhythm, but slowly relaxed.

Speaking of which, when he first went to Professor Tang Ji's laboratory, the most he did was an electrophoresis instrument every day. It would be easier to make mistakes in the operation.

Gu Qiang's operations are naturally better. Just looking at his actions gives people a clean and neat feeling.

When the PCR product electrophoresis diagram comes out, the bands are even clearer...

However, everyone's focus is only on that specific band.

"The output is so high..." Several people praised it.

The bands shown in the electrophoresis of the PCR product are "barcodes" on a pitch black. The "barcodes" are white, long and short, arranged in sequence.

The clearer the barcode strips, the more the content of the substance is.

As far as current experiments are concerned, the clearer the specific band, the better, and the fewer dimers or hairpin structures, the better.

Yang Rui couldn't help but raise his chest and raise his head. This was his design completely.

"Professor Ouyang, let's do a set of appraisals?" Yang Rui's confidence increased greatly.

Ouyang Shi replied loudly.

Sun Zhengchu was envious and said, "I'm afraid this experiment can be published in top foreign animal husbandry journals. Journal of Nutrition or British Journal of Nutrition?"

Yang Rui smiled but said nothing. Although Journal of Nutrition is a top journal in animal husbandry, it is not a top choice for him.

"Look at the results of the experiment first." Yang Rui didn't say much, and returned to the state of doing the experiment.
Chapter completed!